Dejavniki gibalne aktivnosti in z zdravjem povezane kakovosti življenja

Renata Slabe Erker; Simon Ličen

doi:10.14528/snr.2014.48.2.18

Avtorji

Renata Slabe Erker Inštitut za ekonomska raziskovanja, Kardeljeva ploščad 17, 1000 Ljubljana
Simon Ličen Washington State University, Dept. of Educational Leadership & Counseling Psychology, Cleveland Hall 351, Pullman, WA 99163

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2014.48.2.18

Ključne besede:

prostočasna telesna aktivnost, ranljive skupine, zdravstveni ukrepi, sistematični pregled literature, šport

Povzetek

Uvod: Gibalna aktivnost koristi telesnemu in duševnemu zdravju. Namen članka je ugotoviti dejavnike, ki vplivajo nanjo, in možne ukrepe za povečanje te dejavnosti. Cilj članka je spodbuditi strokovnjake s področij zdravja in športne dejavnosti k sodelovanju pri oblikovanju in izvajanju učinkovitih ukrepov za povečanje gibanja med prebivalstvom. Metode: Opravljen je bil pregled literature o dejavnikih, ki vplivajo na gibalno aktivnost in z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja, ter o ukrepih, povezanih z njimi. V pregled so vključene raziskave, ki so objavljene v angleškem jeziku v obdobju 2000–2010 in evidentirane v Web of Science (SCI-EXPANDED ali SSCI). Članek povzema izsledke 46 objav, za potrebe teoretičnih izhodišč pa še dodatnih 43 objav. Rezultati: Na odločitev za gibanje vplivajo lastnosti posameznika in širšega družbenoekonomskega okolja. Bistveni so starost, spol in zdravstveni status posameznika. Pri posameznih skupinah populacije prepoznamo specifične dejavnike, ki vplivajo na odločitev za gibalno aktivnost. Učinkoviti ukrepi spodbujanja gibanja so zato usmerjeni na te skupine in izhajajo iz identificiranih dejavnikov. Diskusija in zaključek: Raznolikost omenjenih skupin in dejavnikov je osnova za načrtovanje preventivnih oziroma interventnih ukrepov. Smiselno je, da se pri organiziranju in izvajanju programov povežejo organizacije s področij zdravstva, športa in druge interesne skupine. Pri tem naj izkoristijo obstoječe zakonske okvire.

Prenosi

Podatki o prenosih še niso na voljo.

Metrike

Nalaganej metrik....

Biografije avtorja

Renata Slabe Erker, Inštitut za ekonomska raziskovanja, Kardeljeva ploščad 17, 1000 Ljubljana

dr. Renata Slabe Erker, univ. dipl. ekon.

Simon Ličen, Washington State University, Dept. of Educational Leadership & Counseling Psychology, Cleveland Hall 351, Pullman, WA 99163

doc. dr. Simon Ličen, univ. dipl. nov.

Literatura

Abell, J.E., Hootman, J.M., Zack, M.M., Moriarty, D. & Helmick, C.G., 2005. Physical activity and health related quality of life among people with arthritis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(5), pp. 380-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.028068, PMid:15831686; PMCid:PMC1733080

Ali, S.M. & Lindström, M., 2006. Psychosocial work conditions, unemployment, and leisure-time physical activity: a population-based study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 34(2), pp. 209-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034940500307515, PMid:16581714

Amorim, T.C., Azevedo, M.R. & Hallal, P.C., 2010. Physical activity levels according to physical and social environmental factors in a sample of adults living in South Brazil. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7 Suppl 2, S204-S212. PMid:20702908

Annear, M.J., Cushman, G. & Gidlow, B., 2009. Leisure time physical activity differences among older adults from diverse socioeconomic neighborhoods. Health & Place, 15(2), pp. 482-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.005, PMid:19038571

Batty, G.D., Shipley, M.J., Kivimaki, M., Marmot, M. & Davey Smith, G., 2010. Walking pace, leisure time physical activity, and resting heart rate in relation to disease-specific mortality in London: 40 years follow-up of the original Whitehall study. An update of our work with professor Jerry N. Morris (1910-2009). Annals of Epidemiology, 20(9), pp. 661-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.014, PMid:20579904

Bernaards, C.M., Jans, M.P., van den Heuvel, S.G., Hendriksen, I.J., Houtman, I.L. & Bongers, P.M., 2006. Can strenuous leisure time physical activity prevent psychological complaints in a working population? Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(1), pp. 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.017541, PMid:16361400; PMCid:PMC2078023

Blomstrand, A., Björkelund, C., Ariai, N., Lissner, L. & Bengtsson, C., 2009. Effects of leisure-time physical activity on well-being among women: a 32-year perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37(7), pp. 706-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494809341092, PMid:19622547

Bortoli, L., Bertollo, M. & Robazza, C., 2009. Dispositional goal orientations, motivational climate, and psychobiosocial states in youth sport. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(1), pp. 18-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.042

Bray, S.R. & Born, H.A., 2004. Transition to university and vigorous physical activity: implications for health and psychological well-being. Journal of American College Health, 52(4), pp. 181-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.52.4.181-188, PMid:15018429

Bray, S.R. & Kwan, M.Y., 2006. Physical activity is associated with better health and psychological well-being during transition to university life. Journal of American College Health, 55(2), pp. 77-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.2.77-82, PMid:17017303

Brownson, R.C., Chriqui, J.F., Burgeson, C.R., Fisher, M.C. & Ness, R.B., 2010. Translating epidemiology into policy to prevent childhood obesity: the case for promoting physical activity in school settings. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(6), pp. 436-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.03.001, PMid:20470970; PMCid:PMC3705727

Burton, N.W., Pakenham, K.I. & Brown, W.J., 2009. Evaluating the effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training for heart health, and the added value of promoting physical activity: a cluster randomized trial of the READY program. BioMed Central Public Health, 9, p. 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-427, PMid:19930615; PMCid:PMC2784777

Calise, T.V. & Martin, S., 2010. Assessing the capacity of state physical activity programs - a baseline perspective. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(1), pp. 119-126. PMid:20231763

Cho, E.R., Shin, A., Kim, J., Jee, S.H. & Sung, J., 2009. Leisure-time physical activity is associated with a reduced risk for metabolic syndrome. Annals of Epidemiology, 19(11), pp. 784-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.010, PMid:19825459

Cohen, D.A., Sehgal, A., Williamson, S., Marsh, T., Golinelli, D. & McKenzie, T.L., 2009. New recreational facilities for the young and the old in Los Angeles: policy and programming implications. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30 Suppl 1, pp. S248-S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2008.45, PMid:19190577; PMCid:PMC2764332

Colbert, L.H., Lacey, J.V. Jr, Schairer, C., Albert, P., Schatzkin, A. & Albanes, D., 2003. Physical activity and risk of endometrial cancer in a prospective cohort study (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 14(6), pp. 559-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024866827775, PMid:12948287

Cronin, K.A., Krebs-Smith, S.M., Feuer, E.J., Troiano, R.P. & Ballard-Barbash, R., 2001. Evaluating the impact of population changes in diet, physical activity, and weight status on population risk for colon cancer (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 12(4), pp. 305-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011244700531, PMid:11456226

Dagkas, S. & Stathi, A., 2007. Exploring social and environmental factors affecting adolescents' participation in physical activity. European Physical Education Review, 13(3), pp. 369-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336X07081800

Davidson, L.E., Tucker, L. & Peterson, T., 2010. Physical activity changes predict abdominal fat change in midlife women. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(3), pp. 316-322. PMid:20551487

Dollman, J. & Lewis, N.R., 2010. The impact of socioeconomic position on sport participation among South Australian youth. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(3), pp. 318-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.007, PMid:19560973

Droomers, M., Schrijvers, C.T. & Mackenbach, J.P., 2001. Educational level and decreases in leisure time physical activity: predictors from the longitudinal GLOBE study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(8), pp. 562-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.8.562, PMid:11449013; PMCid:PMC1731951

Dunton, G.F., Cousineau, M. & Reynolds, K.D., 2010. The intersection of public policy and health behavior theory in the physical activity arena. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7 Suppl 1, pp. S91-S98. PMid:20440019

Evenson, K.R., Ballard, K., Lee, G. & Ammerman, A., 2009. Implementation of a school-based state policy to increase physical activity. The Journal of School Health, 79(5), pp. 231-238, quiz pp. 244-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00403.x, PMid:19341442

Fell, D.B., Joseph, K.S., Armson, B.A. & Dodds, L., 2009. The impact of pregnancy on physical activity level. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(5), pp. 597-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0404-7, PMid:18719984

Forrest, K.Y., Bunker, C.H., Kriska, A.M., Ukoli, F.A., Huston, S.L. & Markovic, N., 2001. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in a developing population. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(9), pp. 1598-1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200109000-00025, PMid:11528351

Frisby, W. & Hoeber, L., 2002. Factors affecting the uptake of community recreation as health promotion for women on low incomes. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 93(2), pp. 129-133. PMid:11963517

Gomez, L.F., Sarmiento, O.L., Parra, D.C., Schmid, T.L., Pratt, M., Jacoby, E., et al., 2010. Characteristics of the built environment associated with leisure-time physical activity among adults in Bogotá, Colombia: a multilevel study. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7 Suppl 2, pp. S196-S203. PMid:20702907

Goodwin, R.D., 2003. Association between physical activity and mental disorders among adults in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 36(6), pp. 698-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00042-2, PMid:12744913

Grund, A., Dilba, B., Forberger, K., Krause, H., Siewers, M., Rieckert, H., et al., 2000. Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(5-6), pp. 425-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210000197, PMid:10985597

Hannan, L.M., Leitzmann, M.F., Lacey, J.V. Jr., Colbert, L.H., Albanes, D., Schatzkin, A., et al., 2004. Physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer: a prospective cohort study in the United States. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 13(5), pp. 765-770. PMid:15159308

Heath, G.W. & Brown, D.W., 2009. Recommended levels of physical activity and health-related quality of life among overweight and obese adults in the United States, 2005. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6(4), pp. 403-411. PMid:19842453

Heath, G.W., 2009. The role of the public health sector in promoting physical activity: national, state, and local applications. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6 Suppl 2, pp. S159-S167. PMid:20120125

Heesch, K.C. & Brown, W.J., 2008. Do walking and leisure-time physical activity protect against arthritis in older women? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(12), pp. 1086-1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.072215, PMid:19008369

Higgins, J.W., Gaul, C., Gibbons, S. & Van Gyn, G., 2003. Factors influencing physical activity levels among Canadian youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 94(1), pp. 45-51. PMid:12583679

Holtermann, A., Mortensen, O.S., Burr, H., Søgaard, K., Gyntelberg, F. & Suadicani, P., 2010. Fitness, work, and leisure-time physical activity and ischaemic heart disease and all-cause mortality among men with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health,36(5), pp. 366-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2914, PMid:20352173

Hosper, K., Deutekom, M. & Stronks, K., 2008. The effectiveness of "Exercise on Prescription" in stimulating physical activity among women in ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Central Public Health, 8, p. 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-406, PMid:19077190; PMCid:PMC2631485

Hughes, S.L., Seymour, R.B., Campbell, R.T., Whitelaw, N. & Bazzarre T., 2009. Best-practice physical activity programs for older adults: findings from the national impact study. American Journal of Public Health, 99(2), pp. 362-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131466, PMid:19059858; PMCid:PMC2622796

Huston, S.L., Evenson, K.R., Bors, P. & Gizlice, Z., 2003. Neighborhood environment, access to places for activity, and leisure-time physical activity in a diverse North Carolina population. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), pp. 58-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.58, PMid:13677963

James, D., Mills, H., Crone, D., Johnston, L.H., Morris, C. & Gidlow, C.J., 2009. Factors associated with physical activity referral completion and health outcomes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), pp. 1007-1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903214248, PMid:19847684

Khan, K.S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J. & Antes, G., 2003. Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(3), pp. 118-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.96.3.118, PMid:12612111; PMCid:PMC539417

Kirjonen, J., Telama, R., Luukkonen, R., Kääriä, S., Kaila-Kangas, L. & Leino-Arjas, P., 2006. Stability and prediction of physical activity in 5-, 10-, and 28-year follow-up studies among industrial employees. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16(3), pp. 201-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00476.x, PMid:16643199

Kjønniksen, L., Anderssen, N. & Wold, B., 2009. Organized youth sport as a predictor of physical activity in adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(5), pp. 646-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00850.x, PMid:18694430

Lee, I.M., Rexrode, K.M., Cook, N.R., Hennekens, C.H. & Burin, J.E., 2001. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: the Women's Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 12(2), pp. 137-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008948125076, PMid:11246842

Leino-Arjas, P., Solovieva, S., Riihimäki, H., Kirjonen, J. & Telama, R., 2004. Leisure time physical activity and strenuousness of work as predictors of physical functioning: a 28 year follow up of a cohort of industrial employees. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(12), pp. 1032-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.012054, PMid:15550611; PMCid:PMC1740678

Li, C.L., Ali, Y.C., Tseng, C.H., Lin, J.D. & Chang, H.Y., 2010. A population study on the association between leisure time physical activity and self-rated health among diabetics in Taiwan. BioMed Central Public Health, 10, p. 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-277, PMid: 20500890; PMCid:PMC2889868

Lindner, K.J. & Kerr, J.H., 2001. Predictability of sport participation motivation from metamotivational dominances and orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(5), pp. 759-773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00068-4

Littman, A.J., Kristal, A.R. & White, E., 2006. Recreational physical activity and prostate cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 17(6), pp. 831-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-006-0024-8, PMid:16783611

Lloyd, K. & Little, D.E., 2010. Self-determination theory as a framework for understanding women's psychological well-being outcomes from leisure-time physical activity. Leisure Sciences, 32(4), pp. 369-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2010.488603

Lorentzen, C., Ommundsen, Y., Jenum, A.K. & Holme, I., 2009. The "Romsås in Motion" community intervention: mediating effects of psychosocial factors on forward transition in the stages of change in physical activity. Health Education & Behavior, 36(2), pp. 348-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198107308372, PMid:18065570

Lovasi, G.S., Lemaitre, R.N., Siscovick, D.S., Dublin, S., Bis, J.C., Lumley, T., et al., 2007. Amount of leisure-time physical activity and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(6), pp. 410-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.10.012, PMid:17321755

Luszczynska, A., Gibbons, F.X., Piko, B.F. & Tekozel, M., 2004. Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers' behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: a comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA. Psychology & Health, 19(5), pp. 577-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000205844

Martínez-González, M.A., Varo, J.J., Santos, J.L., De Irala, J., Gibney, M., Kearney, J., et al., 2001. Prevalence of physical activity during leisure time in the European Union. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(7), pp. 1142-1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200107000-00011, PMid:11445761

McIntyre, C.A. & Rhodes, R.E., 2009. Correlates of leisure-time physical activity during transitions to motherhood. Women & Health, 49(1), pp. 66-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03630240802690853, PMid:19485235

Metzger, J.S., Catellier, D.J., Evenson, K.R., Treuth, M.S., Rosamond, W.D. & Siega-Riz, A.M., 2010. Associations between patterns of objectively measured physical activity and risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(3), pp. 161-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.08051151, PMid:20073381

Misra, K.B., Endemann, S.W. & Ayer, M., 2005. Leisure time physical activity and metabolic syndrome in Asian Indian immigrants residing in northern California. Ethnicity & Disease, 15(4), pp. 627-634. PMid:16259486

Molnar, B.E., Gortmaker, S.L., Bull, F.C. & Buka, S.L., 2004. Unsafe to play? Neighborhood disorder and lack of safety predict reduced physical activity among urban children and adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(5), pp. 378-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.5.378, PMid:15163139

Morseth, B., Emaus, N., Wilsgaard, T., Jacobsen, B.K. & Jørgensen, L., 2010. Leisure time physical activity in adulthood is positively associated with bone mineral density 22 years later. The Tromsø study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25(5), pp. 325-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9450-8, PMid:20349268

Nacionalni program športa v Republiki Sloveniji (NPS), 2000. Uradni list Republike Slovenije št. 24.

Osler, M., Clausen, J.O., Ibsen, K.K. & Jensen, G.B., 2001. Social influences and low leisure-time physical activity in young Danish adults. European Journal of Public Health, 11(2), pp. 130-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/11.2.130, PMid:11420797

Parks, S.E., Housemann, R.A. & Brownson, R.C., 2003. Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(1), pp. 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.1.29, PMid:12490645; PMCid:PMC1732269

Pedersen, P.V., Kjøller, M., Ekholm, O., Grønbaek, M. & Curtis, T., 2009. Readiness to change level of physical activity in leisure time among physically inactive Danish adults. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37(8), pp. 785-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494809344443, PMid:19726526

Philpott, J.F., Houghton, K. & Luke, A., 2010. Physical activity recommendations for children with specific chronic health conditions: juvenile idiopathic arthritis, hemophilia, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(3), pp. 167-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181d2eddd, PMid:20445355

Rossing, M.A., Remler, R., Voigt, L.F., Wicklund, K.G. & Daling, J.R., 2001. Recreational physical activity and risk of papillary thyroid cancer (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 12(10), pp. 881-885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013757030600, PMid:11808706

Saftlas, A.F., Logsden-Sackett, N., Wang, W., Woolson, R. & Bracken, M.B., 2004. Work, leisure-time physical activity, and risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(8), pp. 758-765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh277, PMid:15466498

Sagatun, A., Kolle, E., Anderssen, S.A., Thoresen, M. & Søgaard, A.J., 2008. Three-year follow-up of physical activity in Norwegian youth from two ethnic groups: associations with socio-demographic factors. BioMed Central Public Health, 8, p. 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-419, PMid:19102770; PMCid:PMC2640384

Sánchez-López, M., Salcedo-Aguilar, F., Solera-Martínez, M., Moya-Martínez, P., Notario-Pacheco, B. & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., 2009. Physical activity and quality of life in schoolchildren aged 11-13 years of Cuenca, Spain. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(6), pp. 879-884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00839.x, PMid:18980609

Sarmiento, O.L., Schmid, T.L., Parra, D.C., Díaz-del-Castillo, A., Gómez, L.F., Pratt, M., et al., 2010. Quality of life, physical activity, and built environment characteristics among colombian adults. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7 Suppl 2, pp. S181-S195. PMid:20702906

Savela, S., Koistinen, P., Tilvis, R.S., Strandberg, A.Y., Pitkälä, K.H., Salomaa, V.V., et al. 2010. Leisure-time physical activity, cardiovascular risk factors and mortality during a 34-year follow-up in men. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25(9), pp. 619-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9483-z, PMid:20574657

Schneider, S. & Becker, S., 2005. Prevalence of physical activity among the working population and correlation with work-related factors: results from the first German national health survey. Journal of Occupational Health, 47(5), pp 414-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.47.414, PMid:6230835

Schulz, B., 2007. The relevance of sports in the context of quality of life and consequences for social policy. In: Itkonen, H., et al., eds. The changing role of public, civic and private sectors in sport culture. Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Sport Sciences, pp. 196-208.

Seabra, A.F., Mendonça, D.M., Göring, H.H., Thomis, M.A. & Maia, J.A., 2008. Genetic and environmental factors in familial clustering in physical activity. European Journal of Epidemiology, 23(3), pp. 205-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9222-x, PMid:18214693

Seo, D.C. & Li, K., 2010. Leisure-time physical activity dose-response effects on obesity among US adults: results from the 1999-2006 National health and nutrition examination survey. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(5), pp. 426-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.089680, PMid:20445211

Sharma, M., Sargent, L. & Stacy, R., 2005. Predictors of leisure-time physical activity among African American women. American Journal of Health Behavior, 29(4), pp. 352-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.29.4.7, PMid:16006232

Sharpe, P.A., Granner, M.L., Hutto, B. & Ainsworth, B.E., 2004. Association of environmental factors to meeting physical activity recommendations in two South Carolina counties. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(3), pp. 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.3.251, PMid:14748316

Shedd, K.M., Hanson, K.B., Alekel, D.L., Schiferl, D.J., Hanson, L.N. & Van Loan, M.D., 2007. Quantifying leisure physical activity and its relation to bone density and strength. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(12), pp. 2189-2198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318155a7fe, PMid:18046190; PMCid:PMC2829844

Shores, K.A. & West, S.T., 2010. Pursuing leisure during leisure-time physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(5), pp. 685-694. PMid:20864766

Skowron, M.A., Stodolska, M. & Shinew, K.J., 2008. Determinants of leisure time physical activity participation among Latina women. Leisure sciences, 30(5), pp. 429-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400802353174

Slapšak, A., Šmit, M., Brandt, M., Palkovič, V., Šenkinc-Vovk, D., Vidmar, M., et al., 2011. Izzivi zdravstvenovzgojnih centrov v Zdravstvenem domu Ljubljana. In Kvas, A., eds. Zdravstvena vzgoja - moč medicinskih sester: zbornik prispevkov z recenzijo. 12. simpozij DMSBZT, Ljubljana 25. November 2011. Ljubljana: Društvo medicinskih sester, babic in zdravstvenih tehnikov Ljubljana, pp. 59-66.

Slattery, M.L., Edwards, S., Murtaugh, M.A., Sweeney, C., Herrick, J., Byers, T., et al., 2007. Physical activity and breast cancer risk among women in the southwestern United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(5), pp. 342-353.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.10.017, PMid:17462544; PMCid:PMC2925501

Stamatakis, K.A., McBride, T.D. & Brownson, R.C., 2010. Communicating prevention messages to policy makers: the role of stories in promoting physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7 Suppl 1, pp. S99-S107. PMid:20440020; PMCid:PMC3963269

Steffen, L.M., Arnett, D.K., Blackburn, H., Shah, G., Armstrong, C., Luepker, R.V., et al., 2006. Population trends in leisure-time physical activity: Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-2000. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(10), pp. 1716-1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000227407.83851.ba, PMid:17019292

Taguchi, N., Higaki, Y., Inoue, S., Kimura, H. & Tanaka, K., 2010. Effects of a 12-month multicomponent exercise program on physical performance, daily physical activity, and quality of life in very elderly people with minor disabilities: an intervention study. Journal of Epidemiology, 20(1), pp. 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20081033, PMid:19897943; PMCid:PMC3900776

Taylor, D., 2009. The literature review. Toronto: Health Sciences Writing Centre, University of Toronto.

Taylor-Piliae, R.E., Fair, J.M., Haskell, W.L., Varady, A.N., Iribarren, C., Hlatky, M.A., et al., 2010. Validation of the Stanford brief activity survey: examining psychological factors and physical activity levels in older adults. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(1), pp. 87-94. PMid:20231759

Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., 2009. An ecological model of predictors of stages of change for physical activity in Greek older adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), pp. 286-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00751.x, PMid:18282227

Valtonen, M., Laaksonen, D.E., Laukkanen, J., Tolmunen, T., Rauramaa, R., Viinamäki, H., et al., 2009. Leisure-time physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and feelings of hopelessness in men. BioMed Central Public Health, 9, p. 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-204, PMid:19555509; PMCid:PMC2717082

Van Sluijs, E.M., McMinn, A.M. & Griffin, S.J., 2008. Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(8), pp. 653-657. PMid:18685076

Van Tuyckom, C. & Scheerder, J., 2010. Sport for all? Insight into stratification and compensation mechanisms of sporting activity in the 27 European Union member states. Sport education and society, 15(4), pp. 495-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2010.514746

Von Huth Smith, L., Borch-Johnsen, K. & Jørgensen, T., 2007. Commuting physical activity is favourably associated with biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Epidemiology, 22(11), pp. 771-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-007-9177-3, PMid:17846902

Vrbovšek, S., 2011. Potencial vzpostavljene mreže zdravstvenovzgojnih centrov za preprečevanje in obvladovanje kroničnih bolezni. In Kvas, A., eds. Zdravstvena vzgoja - moč medicinskih sester: zbornik prispevkov z recenzijo. 12. simpozij DMSBZT, Ljubljana 25. November 2011. Ljubljana: Društvo medicinskih sester, babic in zdravstvenih tehnikov Ljubljana, pp. 47-58.

Walker, J.T., Mowen, A.J., Hendricks, W.W., Kruger, J., Morrow, J.R. Jr. & Bricker, K., 2009. Physical activity in the park setting (PA-PS) questionnaire: reliability in a California statewide sample. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6 Suppl 1, pp. S97-S104. PMid:19998855

Wilcox, S., Castro, C., King, A.C., Housemann, R. & Brownson, R.C., 2000. Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54(9), pp.a 667-672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.9.667, PMid:10942445; PMCid:PMC1731735

Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Schneider, I.E. & Pereira, M.A., 2010. Parks and health: differences in constraints and negotiation strategies for park-based leisure time physical activity by stage of change. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 7(2), pp. 273-284. PMid:20484767

Woitas-Ślubowska, D., 2008. Factors determining participation in leisure time physical activity among former athletes and male non-athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 20, pp. 111-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-008-0023-9

Yang, X., Telama, R., Hirvensalo, M., Hintsanen, M., Hintsa, T., Pulkki-Råback, L., et al., 2010. The benefits of sustained leisure-time physical activity on job strain. Occupational Medicine, 60(5), pp. 369-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqq019, PMid:20308257

Young, D.R., He, X., Harris, J. & Mabry, I., 2002. Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in well-educated urban African American women. Women & Health, 36(2), pp. 29-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J013v36n02_03, PMid:12487139

Zhang, L., Qin, L.Q., Liu, A.P. & Wang, P.Y.. 2010. Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their associations with diet and physical activity in suburban Beijing, China. Journal of Epidemiology, 20(3), pp. 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20090119, PMid:20431234; PMCid:PMC3900847