Spolna zdravstvena pismenost slovenskih srednješolcev
opisna raziskava
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2024.58.2.3202Ključne besede:
spolna vzgoja, mladostniki, spolno zdravje, kontracepcija, spolno prenosljive bolezniPovzetek
Uvod: Spolna vzgoja mladostnikov je v šolah pomembno področje izobraževanja. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti znanje o spolnosti, izkušnje, vedenje in vire informacij o spolnosti med slovenskimi dijaki.
Metode: Uporabljen je bil spletni vprašalnik, poslan na vse srednje šole v osrednjeslovenski regiji, s povabilom dijakom prvih letnikov. V analizo so bili vključeni odgovori 201 anketiranca. Sodelujoči so bili v povprečju stari 15,59 let, 57 % ženskega spola in 67 % jih je bilo gimnazijcev. Podatki so bili statistično analizirani s testi hi-kvadrat, Mann-Whitneyjevim U-testom in t-testom.
Rezultati: Najpogostejši viri informacij o spolnosti za dijake so splet (67,0 %) in prijatelji (60,4 %). Večina dijakov želi informacije pridobiti od zdravstvenih delavcev (61,2 %) in najmanj od učiteljev (26,5 %). Spolna izkušnja z vaginalno penetracijo je pri dijakih/-njah srednjih in poklicnih srednjih šol pogostejša v primerjavi z gimnazijci/-kami (χ2 = 7,863, p = 0,005). Znanje o spolnosti se razlikuje glede na spol (U = 2257,500, p = 0,003) in vrsto srednješolskega izobraževanja (U = 1943,500, p = 0,001). Znanje o spolnosti je pozitivno povezano s količino pogovora o različnih temah o spolnosti, razen o božanju. Ni pa povezano s spolno aktivnostjo in uporabo zaščite.
Diskusija in zaključek: Pomembno je, da se več pozornosti nameni spolni vzgoji srednješolcev. Medicinske sestre v šolskem okolju lahko spodbujajo medvrstniško informiranje, opolnomočajo starše za pogovor z mladostniki in izvajajo spolno vzgojo. Rezultati raziskav o učinkovitosti različnih oblik in vsebin spolne vzgoje so lahko osnova za nadgradnjo preventivnih programov
Prenosi
Metrike
Literatura
KA (Verzija 21.02.16) [programska oprema]. (2021). Ljubljana:Fakulteta za družbene vede. https://www.1ka.si
Ashcraft, A. M., & Murray, P. J. (2017). Talking to parents about adolescent sexuality. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 64(2), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.002 PMid:28292447; PMCid:PMC5517036
Benton, A. D., Santana, A., Aubrey, Vinklarek, A. J., Lewis, C. M., Sorensen, J. M., & Hernandez, A. (2020). Peer-led sexual health education: Multiple perspectives on benefits for peer health educators literature review rationale for the use of peer education. Adolescent Social Work Journal, 37, 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-020-00661-9
Bonjour, M., & van der Vlugt, I. (2018). Comprehensive sexuality education: Knowledge file. https://www.rutgers.international/sites/rutgersorg/files/PDF/knowledgefiles/20181218_knowledge%20file_CSE.pdf
Denford, S., Abraham, C., Campbell, R., & Busse, H. (2017). A comprehensive review of reviews of school-based interventions to improve sexual-health. Health Psychology Review, 11(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1240625 PMid:27677440
Družinski zakonik (DZ). (2017). Uradni list RS, št. 15 (31. 3. 2017). https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2017-01-0729?sop=2017-01-0729
Duberstein Lindberg, L., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Boonstra, H. (2016). Changes in adolescents' receipt of sex education, 2006- 2013. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(6), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2016.02.004 PMid:27032487; PMCid:PMC4976485
European Expert Group on Sexuality Education. (2016). Sexuality education: What is it. Sex Education, 16(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1100599
Fang, Y., Zheng, Y., Jin, Y., Yu, C., Zuo, X., Lian, Q., Lou, C., Li, L., Hong, P., & Tu, X. (2022). Sexual-related knowledge, school and family sexuality education and its association with experience of sexual intercourse among vocational secondary school students in China. Children, 9(8), Article 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/CHILDREN9081206 PMid:36010096; PMCid:PMC9406409
Feldman Farb, A., & Margolis, A. L. (2016). The teen pregnancy prevention program (2010-2015): Synthesis of impact findings. American Journal of Public Health, 106(S1), S9–S15. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303367 PMid:27689501; PMCid:PMC5049454
Garzon-Orjuela, N., Samaca-Samaca, D., Moreno-Chaparro, J., Ballesteros-Cabrera, M. D. P., & Eslava-Schmalbach, J. (2021). Effectiveness of sex education interventions in adolescents: An overview. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 44(1), 15–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694193.2020.1713251 PMid:32048888
Goesling, B., Colman, S., Trenholm, C., Terzian, M., & Moore, K. (2014). Programs to reduce teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and associated sexual risk behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2013.12.004 PMid:24525227
Gonzalez-Ortega, E., Vicario-Molina, I., Martinez, J. L., & Orgaz, B. (2015). The Internet as a source of sexual information in a sample of spanish adolescents: Associations with sexual behavior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13178-015-0196-7
Greenberg, J. S., Bruess, C. E., & Oswalt, S. B. (2014). Intoducing the dimensions of human sexuality. In Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality (5th ed., pp. 2–29). Jones & Bartlett Learning books.
Herat, J., Plesons, M., Castle, C., Babb, J., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). The revised international technical guidance on sexuality education: A powerful tool at an important crossroads for sexuality education. Reproductive Health, 15(1), Article 185. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0629-x PMid:30400902; PMCid:PMC6220458
Herdt, G., & Polen-Petit, N. C. (2020). Human sexuality: Self, society, and culture (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Inchley, J., Currie, D., Budisavljevic, S., Torsheim, T., Jastad, A., Cosma, A., Kelly, C., & Arnarsson, A. C. (2020). Spotlight on adolescent health and well-being: Findings from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in school-aged Children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. In Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. WHO, Regional office for Europe. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/332091/9789289055000-eng.pdf
Jefferson, I. S., Robinson, S. K., Tung-Hahn, E., Schumann, R., Marrero-Conti, S., Walton, J. M., Golden, E., Poon, E., Alam, M., &Tung, R. (2021). Assessing and improving the knowledge of sexually transmitted infections among high school adolescents. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2021, Article 6696316. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696316 PMid:33953742; PMCid:PMC8057898
Jeriček Klanšček, H., Roškar, M., Drev, A., Pucelj, V., Koprivnikar, H., Zupanič, T., & Korošec, A. (2019). Z zdravjem povezana vedenja v šolskem obdobju med mladostniki v Sloveniji. Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. https://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/publikacije-datoteke/hbsc_2019_e_verzija_obl.pdf
Khodakarami, N. (2019). The impact of sex education on sexual activity, pregnancy, and abortion. In arXiv 1903.08307v1. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1903.08307
Kiphut, S., & Hafner, A. (2019). Mladostnik in doživljanje spolnosti. In V. Pucelj (Ed.), Priročnik za izvajalce vzgoje za zdravje v okviru primarnega zdravstvenega varstva odnos do telesa (pp. 33–47). Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. https://nijz.si/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/za_boljse_zdravje_otrok_in_mladostnikov_nova_verzija_13_10_2015.pdf
Kodeks etike v zdravstveni negi in oskrbi Slovenije in Kodeks etike za babice Slovenije. (2014). Zbornica zdravstvene in babiške nege Slovenije – Zveza strokovnih društev medicinskih sester, babic in zdravstvenih tehnikov Slovenije.
Lee, E. J., Lee, H. Y., & Chung, S. (2017). Age differences in health literacy: Do younger Korean adults have a higher level of health literacy than older Korean adults. Health & Social Work, 42(3), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlx026 PMid:28859424
Liškova, K., Jarska, N., & Szegedi, G. (2019). Sexuality and gender in school-based sex education in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland in the 1970s and 1980s. The History of the Family, 25(4), 550–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2019.1679219
Madden, T., Cortez, S., Kuzemchak, M., Kaphingst, K. A., & Politi, M. C. (2016). Accuracy of information about the intrauterine device on the internet. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 214(4), P499.E1-499.E6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJOG.2015.10.928 PMid:26546848; PMCid:PMC4808607
Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport RS (n.d.). Evidenca vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodov in vzgojnoizobraževalnih programov (2004–2009). https://paka3.mss.edus.si/registriweb/Seznam2.aspx?Seznam=3010
Ministrstvo za vzgojo in izobraževanje RS (2023) Število dijakov 1. letnika v š. l. 2020/2021, z letniki rojstva od 2003 do 2006, v srednjih šolah Osrednjeslovenske regije (stanje CEUVIZ za 15. 6. 2021, š. l. 2020/2021). Centralna evidenca udeležencev vzgoje in izobraževanja.
Patterson, S. P., Hilton, S., Flowers, P., & Mcdaid, L. M. (2019). What are the barriers and challenges faced by adolescents when searching for sexual health information on the internet. Implications for policy and practice from a qualitative study. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 95(6), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1136/SEXTRANS-2018-053710 PMid:31040251; PMCid:PMC6706277
Pavelova, L., Archalousova, A., Slezakova, Z., Zrubcova, D., Solgajova, A., Spacilova, Z., Krištofova, E., & Slamkova, A. (2021). The need for nurse interventions in sex education in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020492 PMid:33435342; PMCid:PMC7827239
Phongluxa, K., Langeslag, G., Jat, T. R., Kounnavong, S., Khan, M. A., & Essink, D. R. (2020). Factors influencing sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in Lao PDR. Global Health Action, 13(Suppl. 2), Article 1791426. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1791426 PMid:32741350; PMCid:PMC7480507
Pivač, S., & Kalender Smajlović, S. (2018). Vloga staršev in vzgoje za zdravje pri oblikovanju odgovornega spolnega vedenja: raziskava med učenci osnovne šole. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 52(3), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2018.52.2.180
Pucelj, V. (2019). Priročnik za izvajalce vzgoje za zdravje v okviru primarnega zdravstvenega varstva odnos do telesa. Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. https://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/publikacije-datoteke/za_boljse_zdravje_otrok_in_mladostnikov_nova_verzija_13_10_2015.pdf
Ramirez-Villalobos, D., Monterubio-Flores, E. A., Gonzalez- Vazquez, T. T., Molina-Rodriguez, J. F., Ruelas-Gonzalez, M. G., & Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (2021). Delaying sexual onset: Outcome of a comprehensive sexuality education initiative for adolescents in public schools. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 1439. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-021-11388-2 PMid:34289834; PMCid:PMC8296525
Rose, I. D., Boyce, L., Murray, C. C., Lesesne, C. A., Szucs, L. E., Rasberry, C. N., Parker, T., & Roberts, G. (2019). Key factors influencing comfort in delivering and receiving sexual health education: Middle school student and teacher perspectives. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(4), 466–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2019.1626311 PMid:33897308; PMCid:PMC8064695
Santelli, J. S., Kantor, L. M., Grilo, S. A., Speizer, I. S., Lindberg, L. D., Heitel, J., Schalet, A. T., Lyon, M. E., Mason-Jones, A. J., McGovern, T., Heck, C. J., Rogers, J., & Ott, M. A. (2017). Abstinence-only-untilmarriage: An updated review of U. S. policies and programs and their impact. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(3), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2017.05.031 PMid:28842065
Şirin Akca, M. (2020). High school student's thoughts about sexual education. Cukurova Universitesi Eğitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 49(2), 1211–1235. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.566168
St. George, M., Niemela, D. R. M., & Zeglin, R. J. (2022). Parents talking to middle school children about sex: A protective factor against suicide in sexually active teens. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 18(2), 282–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2022.2095315
Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. (2022). Dijaki po: Vrsta izobraževanja, letnik, starost šolsko leto, spol. https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/sl/Data/-/0953221S.px
Telford A., Taylor, C. C., Wood, H. M., & Gusnanto, A. (2019). Properties and approximate pvalue calculation of the Cramer test. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 90(11), 1965-1981. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2020.1754820
Univerza v Ljubljani. (2014). Etični kodeks za raziskovalce Univerze v Ljubljani. https://www.uni-lj.si/mma/eticni_kodeks_za_raziskovalce_ul/20141211104120/?m=1418290880
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach. UNESCO Publishing. https://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbyncnd-en
Vilhar, B., Zupančič, G., Gilčvert Berdnik, D., Vičar, M., Zupan, A., Sobočan, V., Devetak, B., & Sojar, A. (2011). Učni načrt, Program osnovna šola, Biologija. Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MIZS/Dokumenti/Osnovna-sola/Ucni-nacrti/obvezni/UN_Biologija.pdf
Vilhar, B., Zupančič, G., Bičar, M., Sojar, A., Devetak, B., Gilčvert Berdnik, B., & Sobočan, V. (2008). Učni načrt, Biologija: gimnazija: splošna gimnazija. Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. Retrieved September 9, 2021 from http://eportal.mss.edus.si/msswww/programi2010/programi/media/pdf/ucni_nacrti/UN_BIOLOGIJA_gimn.pdf
Waling, A., James, A., Lim, G., & Power, J. (2022). Building young people's sexual literacy in digital spaces. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS). https://doi.org/10.26181/19776016
WHO Regional Office for Europe, & Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung. (2010). Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe: A frameworkfor policy makers, educational and health authorities and specialists. Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung. https://www.bzga-whocc.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BZgA_Standards_English.pdf
WHO Regional Office for Europe, & Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung. (2013). Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe: Guidance for Implementation. Bundeszentrale fur gesundheitliche Aufklarung. https://www.bzga-whocc.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/BZgA_GuidanceImplementation_EN.pdf
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053 PMid:24141714
Wong, J. Y. H., Zhang, W., Wu, Y., Hang Choi, E. P., Ming Lo, H. H., Wong, W., Chio, J. H. M., Tam, H. L. C., Ngai, F. W., Tarrant, M., Wang, M. P., Ngan, G. Y.-S., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2021). An interactive web-based sexual health literacy program for safe sex practice for female Chinese university students: Multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), Article e22564. https://doi.org/10.2196/22564 PMid:33709941; PMCid:PMC7998327
Žalar, A., Leskovšek, E., Čeh, F., & Cugmas, M. (2013). Spolna vzgoja v okviru vzgoje za zdravje v slovenskih srednjih šolah. Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije. https://nijz.si/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/spolna_vzgoja_v_okviru_vzgoje_za_zdravje_v_slo_srednjih_solah.pdf
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Številka
Rubrike
Licenca
Avtorske pravice (c) 2024 Obzornik zdravstvene nege
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
Na Obzornik zdravstvene nege, Ob železnici 30A, 1000 Ljubljana, prenašam naslednje materialne avtorske pravice: pravico reproduciranja v neomejeni količini, in sicer v vseh poznanih oblikah reproduciranja, kar obsega tudi pravico shranitve in reproduciranja v kakršnikoli elektronski obliki (23. čl. Zakona o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah – v nadaljevanju ZASP); pravico distribuiranja (24. čl. ZASP); pravico dajanja na voljo javnosti vključno z dajanjem na voljo javnosti prek svetovnega spleta oz. računalniške mreže (32.a čl. ZASP); pravico predelave, zlasti za namen prevoda (33. čl. ZASP). Prenos pravic velja za članek v celoti (vključno s slikami, razpredelnicami in morebitnimi prilogami). Prenos je izključen ter prostorsko in časovno neomejen.