Assessment of the nutritional status of the elderly in a residential home
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14528/snr.2017.51.3.167Keywords:
elderly, menus, institutional care, nutritional riskelderly, nutritional riskAbstract
Introduction: Nutrition is one of the factors that determine the quality of life of the elderly in a residential home. The purpose of the study was to investigate nutritional status and propose suggestions to improve nutrition among the elderly in a residential home. Methods: A quantitative descriptive research method was used. Analysed were the weekly menus in one of the Slovenian residential homes, performed an analysis of the actual nutrient intake and assessed the nutritional status of the elderly (n = 48). The nutritional status was assessed by means of the body mass index and the mini nutritional assessment tool. The participants included in the study had a diet without any special dietary adjustments. Results: The average energy value of weekly menus amounted to 8457 kJ (2021 kcal) per day. 17 nutrients deviated from the recommendations. Men (M) and women (W) statistically significantly differed in the proportion of residual fats (μM = 16 %, μW = 24 %, p = 0.036), cholesterol (μM = 15 %, μW = 26 %, p = 0.035), vitamin D (μM = 15 %, μW = 27 %, p = 0.017) and vitamin B12 (μM = 17 %, μW = 25 %, p = 0.016). The body mass index showed that none of the elderly included in the study was malnourished or in the class III obesity. Discussion and conclusion: The study confirmed the need for systematic monitoring of the elderly's quality of nutrition in a residential home. In order to provide the elderly with adequate nutritional care, the cooperation of an inter-professional team with the elderly and their family members is necessary.Downloads
Metrics
References
Amorim Sena Pereira, M.L., de Almeida Moreira, P., Cunha de Oliveira, C., Carneiro Roriz, A.K., Reis Amaral, M.T., Lima Mello, A., et al., 2015. Nutritional status of institutionalized elderly Brazilians: a study with the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31(3), pp. 1198–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.3.8070
Bjornsdottir, R. Oskarsdottir, E.S., Thordardottir, F.R., Ramel,A., Thorsdottir, I. & Gunnarsdottir, I., 2013. Validation of a plate diagram sheet for estimation of energy and protein intake in hospitalized patients. Clinical Nutrition, 32(5), pp. 746–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.12.007
van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren, M.A.E., Soeters, P.B.,Reijven, P.L.M., Allison, S.P. & Kondrup J., 2011. Diagnosis of malnutrition – screening and assessment. In: L. Sobotka, ed. Basics in Clinical Nutrition. 4th ed. Prague: Galen, pp. 21–32.
Cederholm, T., 2015. Epidemiology, aetiology and consequences of malnutrition in older adults. ESPEN LLL Programme. Available at: http://lllnutrition.com/mod_lll/TOPIC36/m361.pdf [10. 5. 2017].
Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G.,Bischoff, S. C., et al., 2017. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), pp. 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004
Deutz, N.E., Bauer, J.M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy Westphal, A., et al., 2014. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clinical Nutrition, 33(6), pp. 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007.
Donini, L.M., Neri, B., De Chiara, S., Poggiogalle, E., & Muscaritoli, M., 2013. Nutritional care in a nursing home in Italy. Plos ONE, 8(2), art. ID e55804, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055804
Drewnowski, A., Monsen, E., Birkett, D., Gunther, S.,Vendeland, S., Su, J., et al., 2003. Health screening and health promotion programs for the elderly. Disease Management & Health Outcomes, 11(5), pp. 299–309. https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200311050-00003
Eide, H.D., Halvorsen, K. & Almendingen, K., 2015. Barriers to nutritional care for the undernourished hospitalised elderly: perspectives of nurses. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 24(5/6), pp. 696–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12562 PMid:24646060; PMCid:PMC4359674
Elmadfa, I., & Meyer, A.L., 2008. Body composition, changing physiological functions and nutrient requirements of the elderly. Annals Of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(Suppl 1), pp. 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000115339
Escott-Stump, S., 2015. Nutrition and diagnosis-related care. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, p. 64. ESPEN, n. d. Available at: https://www.nutritionday.org/cms/front_content.php?idart=531 [10. 5. 2017].
Fakhouri, T.H., Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Kit, B.K., & Flegal,K.M., 2012. Prevalence of obesity among older adults in the United States, 2007–2010. National Center for Health Statistics data brief, 106, pp. 1–8. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db106.pdf [10. 5. 2017].
Fraga, C.G., 2005. Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Molecular aspects of medicine, 26(4/5), pp. 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.013
Gabrijelčič Blenkuš, M., Stanojević Jerković, O., Đukič, B., Prezelj, M., Ješe, M., Škornik Tovornik, T., et al., 2010. Prehrana in telesna dejavnost za zdravje pri starejših – pregled stanja. Ljubljana: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije. Available at: http://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/uploaded/prehranaintelesnadejavnostsarejsh_4940.pdf [29. 1. 2016].
Gorjup Poženel, D. & Skela Savič, B., 2013. Vloga zdravstvene nege pri prehranski ogroženosti starostnikov. Kakovostna starost, 16(2), pp. 13–21.
Guigoz, Y. 2006. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNAR)Review of the literature – What does it tell us? The Journal of nutrition, health & aging, 10, pp. 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.83
Gutierrez-Fisac, J.L., Lopez E., Banegas J.R., Graciani A. & Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., 2004. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in elderly people in Spain. Obesity research, 12(4), pp. 710–715. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.83
Hlastan Ribič, C., Šerona, A., Maučec Zakotnik, J. & Borovničar, A., 2012. Čezmerna hranjenost in debelost. In: J. Maucec Zakotnik, S. Tomšič, T. Kofol Bric, A. Korošec & L. Zaletel Kragelj, eds. Zdravje in vedenjski slog prebivalcev Slovenije: trendi v raziskavah CINDI 2001–2004–2008. Ljubljana: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije, p. 151.
Hlebec, V., Kavčič, M. & Ogulin Počrvina, G., 2013. Staranje,izziv za izobraževanje in medgeneracijsko sodelovanje. Ljubljana: Zveza ljudskih univerz Slovenije, 2013. Inštitut Jožef Stefan, n. d. OPKP – Odprta platforma za klinično prehrano. Available at: http://www.opkp.si/sl_SI/cms/vstopna stran [30. 3. 2016].
Kobentar, R. & Marinčič, M., 2000. Organske spremembe in motnje prehranjevanja v starosti. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 34(5/6), pp. 209−214. Available at: http://www.obzornikzdravstvenenege.si/2000.34.3.209 [30. 3. 2016].
Kvamme, J., Olsen, J., Florholmen, J. & Jacobsen, B., 2011. Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in communityliving elderly men and women: the Tromso study. Quality Of Life Research, 20(4), pp. 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9788-0 PMid:21076942; PMCid:PMC3075394
Leslie, W. & Hankey, C., 2015. Aging, nutritional status and health. Healthcare, 3(3), pp. 648–658. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030648
Lopez-Contreras, M. J., Lopez, M. A., Canteras, M., Candela, M.E., Zamora, S., & Perez-Llamas, F., 2014. Identification of different nutritional status groups in institutionalized elderly people by cluster analysis. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 29(3), pp. 602–610. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7194
Ministrstvo za zdravje RS, 2008. Priporočila za prehransko obravnavo bolnikov v bolnišnicah in starostnikov v domovih za starejše občane. Available at: http://www.mz.gov.si/fileadmin/mz.gov.si/pageuploads/javno_zdravje_09/Priporocila_za_prehransko_obravnavo_bolnikov.pdf [16. 12. 2016].
Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, 2016. Referenčne vrednosti za energijski vnos ter vnos hranil: tabelarična priporočila za otroke (od 1. leta starosti naprej), mladostnike, odrasle, starejše, nosečnice ter doječe matere. Available at: http://www.mz.gov.si/07007943.php/delovna_podrocja_in_prioritete/javno_zdravje/varovanje_in_krepitev_zdravja/prehrana/strateske_usmeritve_smernice_in_publikacije/[17. 4.2016].
Nacionalni portal o hrani in prehrani, n. d. Vitamin D. Inštitut za nutricionistiko. Available at: http://prehrana.si/sestavine-zivil/vitamini/vitamin-d [19. 5. 2017].
van Nie-Visser, N.C., Meijers, J.M., Schols, J.M., Lohrmann, C., Bartholomeyczik, S., & Halfens, R.J., 2011. Comparing quality of nutritional care in Dutch and German nursing homes. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 20(17/18), pp. 2501–2508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03761.x
Poklar Vatovec, T. 2013. Prehransko presejanje v domu za starejše občane. In: G. Valenčič, ed. Prehrana starostnika: zbornik predavanj. Ljubljana: Strokovna sekcija medicinskih sester in zdravstvenih tehnikov v socialnih zavodih, pp. 47–57.
Poklar Vatovec, T., Bizjak, M. & Jakus, T., 2013. Praktično usposabljanje III: praktikum: podiplomski študij Dietetika. Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem. Available at: http://www.fvz.upr.si/sites/default/files/f_1046.pdf [6. 2. 2016].
Power, S.E., Jeffery, I.B., Ross, R.P., Stanton, C., O’Toole, P.W., O’Connor, E.M., et al., 2014. Food and nutrient intake of Irish community-dwelling elderly subjects: who is at nutritional risk? Journal of nutrition, health, and aging, 18(6), pp. 561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0449-9
Razpotnik, B., 2017. Projekcije 2015: v 2080 naj bi bilo prebivalcev Slovenije manj kot danes, delež starejših višji. In: Projekcije prebivalstva za Slovenijo. Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Available at: http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/prikazi-novico?id=6584 [3. 7. 2017].
Resolucija o nacionalnem programu o prehrani in telesni dejavnosti za zdravje 2015–2025, 2015. Uradni list Republike Slovenije št. 58.
Riches, K., & Jeanes, Y., 2014. The prevalence of malnutrition in elderly residents in a warden-assisted setting compared with a home-living environment. British Journal Of Community Nursing, 19(7), pp. 324–327. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2014.19.7.324 PMid:25039339
Rolfes, S.R., Pinna, K., & Whittney, E., 2009. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 8th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, pp. 447–449. Available at: http://www.uphsl.edu.ph/library/ebooks/Medical/Understanding%20Normal%20&%20Clinical%20Nutrition%202.pdf [19. 5. 2017].
Sawka, A. M., Ismaila, N., Cranney, A., Thabane, L., Kastner, M., Gafni, A., et al., 2010. A scoping review of strategies for the prevention of hip fracture in elderly nursing home residents. Plos ONE, 5(3), art. ID e9515, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009515
de van der Schueren, M.A.E., 2015. Nutritional screening, assessment and diagnosis dietary advice and oral nutritional supplements in older adults. ESPEN LLL Programme. Available at: http://lllnutrition.com/mod_lll/TOPIC36/m362.pdf [10. 5. 2017].
Skela Savič, B., Hvalič T.S. & Zurc, J., 2010. Staranje populacije, potrebe starostnikov in nekateri izzivi za zdravstveno nego. Obzornik zdravstvene nege, 44(2), pp. 89–100. Available at: http://www.obzornikzdravstvenenege.si/Celoten_clanek.aspx?ID=582e6ede-9bf2-4e25-842c-8675aa56283c [10. 5. 2017].
de Souto Barreto, P., Zanandrea, V., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Cesari,M., Vellas, B. & Rolland, Y., 2015. Obesity in nursing home residents: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Home Research, 1, pp. 6–10. Available at: http://www.jnursinghomeresearch.com/all-issues.html?a=2015&n=01[12. 5. 2017].
Thomas, J.M., Cooney, L.M., & Fried, T.R., 2013. Systematic review: health-related characteristics of elderly hospitalized adults and nursing home residents associated with short-term mortality. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 61(6), pp. 902–911. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12273
Torres, M. J., Dorigny, B., Kuhn, M., Berr, C., Barberger-Gateau,P., & Letenneur, L. 2014. Nutritional status in communitydwelling elderly in France in urban and rural areas. Plos ONE, 9(8), art. ID e105137, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105137
World Medical Association, 2013. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), pp. 2191–2194. Available at: http://www.wma.net/en/20activities/10ethics/10helsinki/DoH-Oct2013-JAMA.pdf [30. 6. 2017].
Zakon o socialnem varstvu, 2007. Uradni list Republike Slovenije, št. 3.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
As the author undersigned hereby, I transfer, assign, or otherwise convey the following authorship rights as comprised in the Copyright and Related Rights Act (CRRA) to the Slovenian Nursing Review, Ob železnici 30A, 1000 Ljubljana: the right of reproduction - the exclusive right to fix the work in a material medium or in another copy directly or indirectly, temporarily or permanently, by any means and in any digital form, in whole or in part (CRRA, Article 23); the right of distribution (CRRA, Article 24); the right of making a work available and accessible through the internet (CRRA, Article 32a); the right of transformation, especially the exclusive right to translate a pre-existing work (CRRA, Article 33). The transfer of author rights applies to the article in its entirety, including pictorial and/or graphic works and possible supplements. The transfer of rights is exclusive and unlimited in duration or territory.
